Russian Mafia

The Russian Mafia (Russian: Русская мафия, Russkaya mafiya) or Bratva (Братва; slang for "brotherhood", which applies to all gangs, including rivals) — often transliterated as Mafiya — are names designating a range of organized crime syndicates originating in the former Soviet Union, Russia and the CIS. The term, however, particularly applies to the mafia of Russia, whereas the mafia in other countries takes the name of that country, as in the well-known Ukrainian mafia. Since the 1991 fall of the Soviet Union, these groups have amassed considerable worldwide power and influence.^[1] They are active in virtually every part of Russian society.^[2] Russian criminals are internationally active in illegal oil trade, smuggling of weapons and nuclear material and money laundering.^[2]

In December 2009 Timur Lakhonin, the head of the Russian National Central Bureau of Interpol, stated: "Certainly, there is crime involving our former compatriots abroad, but there is no data suggesting that an organized structure of criminal groups comprising former Russians exists abroad".^[3]

History

Organized crime has existed in Russia since the days of the Czars and Imperial Russia in the form of banditry, pornography, and thievery. In the Soviet period Vory v zakone or "thieves in law" (understood as "bound by code") emerged. This class of criminals had to abide by certain rules in the prison system. One such rule was that cooperation with the authorities of any kind was forbidden. During World War II some prisoners made a deal with the government to join the armed forces in return for a reduced sentence, but upon their return to prison they were attacked and killed by inmates who remained loyal to the rules of the thieves.^[4][5]

During the era when the Soviet economy took a downhill turn, the Vory would take control of the black market with the help of corrupt officials, supplying products such as electronics or extra food during the Brezhnev era which were hard to reach for the ordinary Soviet citizen.

Fall of the Soviet Union

Following the fall of the Soviet Union, the KGB became involved with organized crime and Russian mob became a long arm of the KGB.^[6] The KGB often recruited and trained criminals, a task which was previously done by the Interior Ministry (MVD). "Former" and active agents joined international and domestic racketeering gangs, sometimes leading them.^[6]

After 1986 (and more so after 1991), many KGB members were moved from its bloated First (SVR) and Third Directorates to its Economic Department. They were instructed to dabble in business and banking (sometimes in joint ventures with foreigners). Inevitably, they crossed paths - and then collaborated - with the Russian mafia which, like the FSB, owns shares in privatized firms, residential property, banks, and money laundering facilities. The cooperation with crime lords against corrupt (read: uncooperative) bureaucrats became institutional and all-pervasive under Yeltsin. The KGB is alleged to have spun off a series of "ghost" departments to deal with global drug dealing, weapons smuggling and sales, white slavery, money counterfeiting, and nuclear material. In a desperate effort at self-preservation, other KGB departments are said to have conducted the illicit sales of raw materials (including tons of precious metals) for hard currency, and the laundering of the proceeds through financial institutions in the West (in Cyprus, Israel, Greece, the USA, Switzerland, and Austria). Specially established corporate shells and "banks" were used to launder money, mainly on behalf of the party nomenklatura. All said, the emerging KGB-crime cartel has been estimated to own or control c. 40% of Russian GDP as early as 1994, having absconded with c. $100 billion of state assets.

The real breakthrough for criminal organizations occurred during the economic disaster and mass emigration of the 1990s that followed the fall of the Soviet Union. Desperate for money, many former government workers turned to crime, others joined the former Soviet citizens who moved overseas, and the Russian Mafia became a natural extension of this trend. Former KGB agents, sportsmen and veterans of the Afghan and First and Second Chechen Wars, now finding themselves out-of-work but with experience in areas which could prove useful in crime, joined the increasing crime wave.^[7] Widespread corruption, poverty and distrust of authorities only contributed to the rise of organized crime. Contract killings, Bombings and Kidnappings reached an all-time high with many gangland murders taking place, a substantial number remaining unsolved. By 1993 almost all banks in Russia were owned by the mafia, and 80% of businesses were paying up protection money. In that year, 1400 people were murdered in Moscow, crime members killed businessmen who would not pay money to them, reporters, politicians, bank owners and other opposition to them. The new criminal class of Russia took on a more Westernized and businesslike approach to organized crime as the more code-of-honor based Vory faded into extinction.^[8] By the late nineties it was believed that Semion Mogilevich ("Don Semyon") had become the "boss of all bosses" of most Russian Mafia syndicates in the world, and was considered by the FBI to be the most powerful crime-boss on earth.^[9][10]

Lubyanka Criminal Group

Lubyanka Criminal Group (also translated as The Gang from Lubyanka) is a book by Alexander Litvinenko about the alleged transformation of the Russian Security Services into a criminal and terrorist organization.^[11][12]

Lubyanka is known as KGB headquarters. In the book, the authors claim that Russian president Vladimir Putin and other FSB officers have been involved in organized crime, including covering up drug traffic from Afganistan.^[13]

Internationalization

The former Soviet Bloc's opening up to the world and the internationalization of its economy also gave the Russian mafia connections to other criminal organizations around the world such as the Chinese Triads or the Sicilian Cosa Nostra. Connections with Latin American drug cartels allowed the Russian mafia to import cocaine into the country.^[14]. Due to the soviet breakup, thousands of arms were smuggled into the black market. Missiles, anti-aircraft guns, helicopters, tactical assault weapons, were sold to the highest bidders. Submarines were sold to drug lords, as well as illegal sale of uranium and Plutonium on the black market.

Widespread emigration in the 1990s allowed Russian criminal organizations to spread themselves further around the world. Prior to the collapse of Communism some limited numbers of Russian Jews, Ukrainian Jews, Belarusian Jews, Lithuanian Jews and Soviet Jews in general, were allowed to emigrate from the Soviet Union if they could prove they had Jewish descent,^[15][16] and criminals took advantage of this if they were themselves Jewish, acquiring Jewish identity papers to be granted the permission to leave the country that had been granted by Mikhail Gorbachev in the late 1980s. According to a report, 573,000 refugees, mostly Jews, evangelical Christians and Catholics, have resettled in the US since 1975. As of 2001, the Russian Jewish community (i.e. Jews from the former Soviet Union or before that, the Russian Empire who speak or spoke Russian, apart from Yiddish and other languages) in the US was estimated as being between 750,000 and 1 million (and twice as high by some other estimates), while "an estimated 1 million more Jews immigrated to Israel" during the collapse of the USSR.^[16]

Also, some other non-Jewish individuals and criminals obtained falsified documents in an attempt to prove they had Jewish ancestry, in order to be issued with Jewish identity papers so they could be granted exit-visas to emigrate abroad. In the United States a key location for Russian organized crime was the Russian-speaking, mostly Jewish community of Brighton Beach in Brooklyn, New York.^[17]

An estimated 3.5 million ethnic Germans emigrated from Belorussia, Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and other former Soviet territory, as they had ethnic German descent from their forefathers who had settled in the Russian Empire in the 18th century. Over time, these ethnic Germans had been assimilated to a certain degree, although many retained (and retain) their ability to speak German (from the 18th century!) and were always considered as "ethnic Germans" within the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union. When the Soviet Union collapsed, Germany opened their doors to these immigrants, granting them German citizenship. Some number of these people would allow "Russian organized crime" to expand yet again, this time within the European Union and focussing mostly on automobile traffic. In any case, in 2009, ethnic Russians accounted for less than 1% of crimes in Germany, most often not in an organized form.^[3]

Vyacheslav "Yaponchik" Ivankov was the first major ethnically Russian organized crime figure prosecuted by the U.S. government, running his extortion operations out of Brighton Beach.^[18] Russian organized crime has spread to many other countries as well including Israel, Hungary, South Africa, Spain^[19] and Thailand ^[20]

Links to the Icelandic outvasion

In 2005 Danish journalists investigated the activities of Icelandic businessmen Thor Bjorgolfsson, Björgólfur Guðmundsson and Magnús Þorsteinsson, who had acquired and created extensive banking and investment companies (with complex offshore arrangements). Simultaneously companies such as Novator Partners acquired billions of euros worth telecoms and other companies around Europe. They noted that all three had backgrounds in Saint Petersburg, where they ran beverage businesses in the 1990s.

The report provided details about their activities in Russia, including links to Vladimir Putin whose office helped the Icelandic businessmen.^[21] Their brewing company was founded by six companies registered in Limassol, Cyprus. Björgólfur Thor Björgólfsson was president of all of them.^[21] Their investigation contrasted their success with the fate of other brewing businesses in Saint Petersburg – for example, Ilya Weismann, deputy director of competing beverage company Baltic, and director general Aslanbek Chochiev of the same company who were both assassinated, and a second Saint Petersburg brewery that was burned to the ground.^[22][21]

An article in The Guardian (2005) wondered where the Icelandic billions came from and noted that in the 1990s the three businessmen "were not only ploughing money into the country but doing it in the city regarded as the Russian mafia capital. That investment was being made in the drinks sector, seen by the mafia as the industry of choice."^[22]

The theory of a link remains speculative and unproven; Bjorgolfsson argues that his success is due to competent investment at a time when Russia was opening up to western business.

Mafia-affliated companies

• SPAG is a property company founded in 1992 and suspected by European police agencies of serving St. Petersburg mobsters, Colombian drug lords and transcontinental money laundering. Vladimir Putin was one of the company's advisers from 1992 until his inauguration in 2000.^[23][24]

Individual gangs

• The Solntsevskaya bratva, or Solntsevskaya brotherhood (Russian: Солнцевская братва, the Solntsevo District gang), one of—if not the—most powerful organized crime groups in the world and is still the most dangerous crime group operating in Moscow.

• Dolgoprudnenskaya (Долгопруденская) was a Russian mafia organization and was considered one of the largest groups of organized crime operating in Moscow. It was really named after Dolgoprudniy, which is a Moscow suburb. It was founded in 1988 and was allegedly very influential.^[25]

• The Izmaylovskaya gang (Russian: Измайловская группировка, from Izmaylovo District) was considered one of the country's most important and oldest Russian Mafia groups in Moscow and also had a presence in Tel Aviv, Berlin, Paris, Toronto, Miami and New York City.^[26] It was founded during the 1980s under the leadership of Oleg Ivanov (Олег Иванов) and was estimated to consist of about 200 active members (according to other data of 300–500 people). In principle, the organization was divided into two separate bodies—Izmailovskaya and Gol'yanovskaya (Гольяновская),^[27] which utilized quasi-military ranks and strict internal discipline. It was involved extensively in murder-for-hire, extortions, and infiltration of legitimate businesses.^[28]

• The Tambov Gang (Тамбовская банда) of Saint Petersburg.^[29]

• The Obshina (Община, "community" in Russian), or Chechen mafia, was a formidable organized crime and paramilitary group. According to experts, ethnic Chechen criminal gangs once formed the most dominant minority criminal group in Russia. It is believed some gangs may have ties to Chechen militant factions.

• The Potato Bag gang was a gang of con artists operating in New York's Brighton Beach in the mid-1970s.

• The Orekhovskaya gang (Ореховская банда, again, from Orekhovo) was a powerful criminal group in between the late 1980s and early 1990s.

Notable Russian mafiosi

• Evsei Agron - Regarded as the first "Don" or "Godfather" of New York's Russian mafia. Agron was a Vor and immigrated to the U.S. in 1975 and quickly set-up a base of operations in the mostly Jewish-Russian community of Brighton Beach, Brooklyn. He was highly feared for his violent tendencies and eagerness to use violence in order to enforce his authority within New York's Russian underworld. By aligning himself with New York's powerful, influential and feared Gambino crime family, his position as New York's reigning Russian Godfather was enhanced. He was assassinated in May 1985. His title and operations were taken over by his top advisor, Marat Balagula and his former driver and bodyguard Boris Nayfeld.
• Marat Balagula - Ukrainian-Jewish crime boss and former top advisor to Brighton Beach Godfather Evsei Agron, whose mantle and operations he took over after Agron was murdered in 1985. Balagula was suspected of ordering the hit on his former boss. Balagula was the originator of a billion-dollar gasoline tax racket and a close associate of Lucchese crime family, who protected his interests in the gasoline tax rackets. Released from American prison in 2004.^[30]
• Viktor Bout - GRU major turned international arms merchant; former international fugitive; now awaiting extradition to the United States.^[31]
• Yuri Brokhin - Famed expatriate Russian dissident/international drug dealer and jewel thief; murdered 1982.^[30]
• Vitali Dyomochka - Russian mobster who produced a TV series chronicling his own activities.
• Vadim Safronov - Vor v Zakone, controls criminal activities in Tver, Russia; since 1992-2012 jailed in Siberia.^[30]
• Nikolai Radev - Minor Australian crime boss. Murdered outside his home in 2003 during the infamous Melbourne Gangland War.^[32][33]
• Ludwig "Tarzan" Fainberg - Ukrainian-Jewish, Southern Florida intermediary between the Medellin drug cartel and the Russian Mafia; deported to Israel.^[30]
• Vyacheslav "Yaponchik" Ivankov - America's most powerful vor v zakone; deported to Russia.^[30] On June 8, 1995, Ivankov was arrested on Extortion in the United States by the FBI, convicted, and jailed. In 2004, was released from prison and extradited to Russia. On July 13, 2004 Ivankov was deported to Russia to face murder charges over two Turkish nationals who were shot in a Moscow restaurant following a heated argument in 1992. On July 28, 2009, at around 19:20 Moscow time (1520 GMT), Ivankov was shot while leaving a restaurant on Khoroshevskoye Road in Moscow. A sniper rifle was found abandoned in a nearby parked vehicle.^[34] Having died from his injuries seventy-three days later, on October 9, 2009,^[35] Ivankov was buried in Moscow on October 13, 2009.^[36]
• Zakhar Kalashov - Ethnically Kurdish Armenian International vor v zakone boss; jailed in Spain.^[37]
• Vladimir Kumarin - Saint Petersburg-based boss of Tambov Gang crime group.^[38]
• Otar "Otarik" Kvantrishvili - Ethnically Georgian Moscow extortionist; murdered in 1994.^[39]
• Ruslan Labazanov - Chechen crime boss; murdered in 1996.^[40]
• Sergei Mikhailov - Moscow-based head of Solntsevskaya bratva crime group.^[41]
• Semion Mogilevich - Billionaire Ukrainian-Jewish capo di tutti capi of Russian mafias. Known as the "OLO Kemo", " he is considered by the FBI to be the most dangerous gangster in the world " and the "boss of all bosses" with in the Russian Mafia. Mogilevich is nicknamed "The Brainy Don" because of his business acumen and the college degree in economics from the Lviv University that he holds. In 2003 the FBI put Mogilevich on their Wanted List for participation in the scheme to defraud investors in Canadian company YBM Magnex International Inc. Frustrated in their previous efforts unsuccessfully to charge him for arms trafficking and prostitution, they had now settled on the large-scale fraud charges as their best hope of running him to ground. He was arrested in Moscow on January 24, 2008, for suspected tax evasion. On October 22, 2009 he was named by the FBI as the 494th fugitive to be placed on the Ten Most Wanted list.^[42][43]
• Boris Nayfeld - Also known as Beeba. Jewish gang leader, former driver and bodyguard for Brighton Beach Godfather Evsei Agron. After Agron's murder in 1985 he rose through the ranks of the Russian criminal underworld and became an international drug kingpin.^[30]
• Khozh-Ahmed Noukhaev - Chechen crime boss; missing and believed dead. He was probably murdered in 2004 by Russian Federal soldiers when he was fighting on the side of Chechen terrorists.^[44]
• Mikhail Rabo - Formerly respected member of the Berlin Jewish community who was arrested for secretly heading one of Russia’s largest and most powerful organized crime groups.^[45]
• Alexander Solonik - Notorious professional assassin, who was murdered in Athens in 1997 by the Orekhovskaya banda.^[46]
• Nikolay "Hoza" Suleimanov - Chechen head of Obshina crime group; murdered in 1994.^[47]
• Alimzhan Tokhtakhounov - Ethnically Uzbek Arms dealer and accused Olympic fixer.^[48]
• Movladi Atlangeriyev - Chechen crime boss, kidnapped in 2008 and then killed in Chechnya.
• Tariel Oniani - Georgian crime boss. Currently jailed in Moscow.
• Aslan Usoyan - Ethnic Kurdish crime boss operating in Moscow. Was jailed in 2010 in Ukraine.
• Iliya Juashkovsky - Ukrainian crime boss of the mafia triada. Murdered by the Ukrainian Soviet Army in year 1991, charged with bombing three hospitals and murder count of 56.

Foreign businessmen and the Russian Mafia

An unknown number of foreign businessmen, believed to be in the low thousands, arrived in Russia from all over the world during the early and mid 1990s to seek their fortune and to cash in on the transition from a Planned Market/communist to a free market/capitalist society. This period was referred to by many of the businessmen as the "second great gold rush".

Generally, 1990 to 1998 was a wild and unstable time for most foreign businessmen operating in Russia. Dangerous battles with the Russian Mob occurred, with many being killed or wounded. The Mafia welcomed the foreign businessmen and their expertise in facilitating business and making things happen in a stagnant and new economy. The Mafia considered them as a good source of hard currency, to be extorted under the usual guise of "protection money". Many different Mafia groups would fiercely compete to be able to "protect" a certain businessman; in exchange, the businessman would not have to worry about having more than one group showing up demanding tribute from him. Many foreign businessmen left Russia after these incidents.

Popular culture references

Video games

The Russian mafia are present in many video games, mostly as enemies to the player, including Max Payne, Stranglehold, True Crime: Streets of LA, Republic: The Revolution and the Grand Theft Auto series. They appear as a possible ally in Mercenaries: Playground of Destruction. In September 2009, the browser game Mafia Wars added Russia as a locale and featured the Mafia as one of two opposing allegiances (the other being the Vory). Recently, in the video game Grand Theft Auto IV, fictional members of Russian and other East European criminal organizations have been featured as key elements in the development of the game's storyline. The Russian Mafia are enemies in the game Destroy all Humans 2.

Movies

Though not as prominent as their Italian-American counterparts, Russian or FSU mobsters have appeared in a number of Hollywood movies usually as villains or antagonists. These include GoldenEye, Lord of war, Rancid Aluminum, RocknRolla, The Jackal, 25th Hour, The Boondock Saints, Ronin, Police Story 4: First Strike, Be Cool, Jungle 2 Jungle, Training Day, We Own the Night, Little Odessa, Maximum Risk, Red Heat, Bad Boys II, Eastern Promises, Iron Man 2, and The Dark Knight, Police Academy: Mission to Moscow, The Bird Cage, Running Scared.

There have of course been many Russian movies on the subject, probably the most well-known of which is Brother and Brother 2. The anti-hero protagonist, Danila, is a Russian war veteran that fought in Chechnya who becomes a contract killer in St Petersburg. The film and its sequel became wildly popular amongst the Russian youth. Killer (1998) is a take on organized crime in Kazahkstan.

Comics/anime

• In the manga/anime Black Lagoon, the main characters' primary allies are a branch of the Russian Mafia based in Thailand, which is called Hotel Moscow and is made up primarily of veterans of War in Afghanistan.
• In Marvel Comics's Ultimate Marvel imprint, Colossus of the X-men was a member of the Red Mafia.
• In Marvel Comics's MAX imprint of The Punisher, the Russian Mafia is one of the many criminal organizations that are targeted by Frank Castle in his war against organized crime.
• In the manga Sanctuary, the Russian Mafia tries to establish itself on the island of Hokkaidō by joining forces with a Yakuza gang.

Fiction

• Boris Starling's novel Vodka (2005).
• In Chris Ryan's 1998 novel The Kremlin Device the protagonist must train the Russian armed forces in anti-mafia strategies.
• In Jeffrey Archer's 1998 novel The Eleventh Commandment a Russian mob boss is part of the plot, described as a thief in law.
• In James Patterson's novels The Big Bad Wolf and London Bridges, the main antagonist was a Russian gangster called "the Wolf".
• The short story collection The Odessa Tales by writer Isaac Babel covers the Jewish underworld in Moldavanka, a Ukrainian ghetto. His most popular character is a Jewish gangster named Benya Krik.
• In Andy McNab's novel Firewall, the protagonist's job is firstly to capture and then to aid a mafia warlord from the Russian Organized Crime.
• In Artemis Fowl: The Arctic Incident written by Eoin Colfer, the main character's father is held hostage by the Russian Mafia.
• In Anthony Horowitz's Ark Angel, Dimitry Drevin is involved in the Yakuza and the Mafiya.
• Noel Hynd's novel Conspiracy in Kiev, the first of The Russian Trilogy

Television

• The Russian mafia appear in several episodes of The Sopranos, most memorably in the episode "Pine Barrens".
• Other American television series have also made use of Russian gangsters, such as the characters of Yuri Kosygin, Nikolai Stanislofsky, and Alexander Vogel in the TV series Oz.
• The Russian miniseries The Meeting Place Cannot Be Changed and Brigada explore the Russian mafia post-World War II and post-communism respectively.
• A Russian Mafia Leader is seen in a season 6 episode of the Fox TV series "Bones".
• In the latest series of CSI:Miami, the Russian Mafia or what they refer to as the Russian Mob makes an appearance and dominates the series with events surrounding Ivan Sarnoff

Music

• In Lady Gaga's music video "Bad Romance", she was taken to the Russian mafia after being drugged by two supermodels who kidnapped her while lying in a bathtub.

See also

• Armenian Power
• The Bitch Wars
• Chechen mafia
• Criminal tattoos
• Corruption in Russia
• Gulag
• Irish Mob
• Israeli mafia
• Jewish Mafia
• Kengir uprising
• Organized crime
• Podstava
• Russian Business Network
• Russian oligarchs
• Russian organised crime in Israel
• SC Tavriya Simferopol
• Shadowcrew
• Triad (underground societies)
• vor v zakone (thief in law)
• Yakuza

References

1. ↑ Glenny, Misha (2008), McMafia: A Journey Through the Global Criminal Underworld; New York: Alfred A. Knopf, passim.
2. ↑ ^{2.0 2.1} From Nyet to Da: Understanding the New Russia by Yale Richmond, Intercultural Press, 2008, ISBN 978-1931930598 (page 68)
3. ↑ ^{3.0 3.1} Russian mafia abroad is a myth – head of Russian Interpol bureau, Interfax-Ukraine (December 22, 2009)
4. ↑ Varlam Shalamov, Essays on Criminal World, "Bitch War" (Shalamov's essay online (Russian)) in: Varlam Shalamov (1998) "Complete Works" (Варлам Шаламов. Собрание сочинений в четырех томах), vol. 2, printed by publishers Vagrius and Khudozhestvennaya Literatura, ISBN 5-280-03163-1, ISBN 5-280-03162-3.
5. ↑ A. V. Kuchinsky Prison Encyclopedia, (Кучинский А.В. - Тюремная энциклопедия, a fragment online (Russian))
6. ↑ ^{6.0 6.1} Russian Roulette - Russia's Economy In Putin's Era (2003). Sam Vaknin. ISBN 9989-929-31-9
7. ↑ BBC News - The Rise and rise of the Russian mafia.
8. ↑ Vory v Zakone has hallowed place in Russian criminal lore.
9. ↑ Glenny, Misha (2008), McMafia: A Journey Through the Global Criminal Underworld; New York: Alfred A. Knopf, pp 72-73.
10. ↑ Glenny (2008), Op. cit., pg 77.
11. ↑ Litvinenko 2002
12. ↑ The FSB as a criminal grouping, Andrei Antonov, Prima News, 2002-09-30
13. ↑ Litvinenko accuses president Putin of involvement in drug business, by Prima News
14. ↑ MSNBC- Russian mob trading arms for cocaine with Colombia rebels.
15. ↑ Migration of the Russian Diaspora after the Breakup of the Soviet Union, Journal article by Timothy Heleniak; Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 57, 2004
16. ↑ ^{16.0 16.1} http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/11/20011113-16.html
17. ↑ "Organized Crime in California," Department of Justice, State of California. http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/orgcrm96.pdf
18. ↑ FBI Official Website - Vyacheslav Kirillovich Ivankov.
19. ↑ BBC News - Spain raids 'major Russian gang'
20. ↑ Foreign Mafia in Thailand Thomas Schmid, Thailand Law Forum
21. ↑ ^{21.0 21.1 21.2} "Россия желает спасать Исландию из-за давних офшорных связей чиновников и бизнесменов". The New Times. 2008-10-21. http://www.newsru.com/finance/21oct2008/iceland_print.html.  / "Зачем Россия спасает Исландию". Rususa. 2008-10-21. http://www.rususa.com/news/news.asp-nid-37073-catid-8. 
22. ↑ ^{22.0 22.1} "Next-generation Viking invasion - They've got the cash to buy big UK groups like M&S. But where does it come from?". The Guardian. 2005-06-16. http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2005/jun/16/marksspencer. 
23. ↑ New Book Poses Question of Putin's Links with Underworld. The St. Petersburg Times
24. ↑ Putin's Name Surfaces in German Probe. Catherine Belton. Moscow Times. May 19, 2003
25. ↑ Oleg Liakhovich, "A Mob by Any Other Name", The Moscow News.
26. ↑ B. Ohr, Effective Methods to Combat Transnational Organized Crime in Criminal Justice Processes, U.S. Dept. of Justice.
27. ↑ Домашняя библиотека компромата Сергея Горшкова (Home library of Sergei Gorshkov).
28. ↑ US, COMM, PERM, p. 201.
29. ↑ Mark Galeotti, 'Profit and loss: Russian crime network faces business strain', Jane's Intelligence Review, 27 April 2009
30. ↑ ^{30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 30.5} Friedman, Robert I. Red Mafiya: How the Russian Mob Has Invaded America. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2000.
31. ↑ The HUMINT Offensive from Putin's Chekist State Anderson, Julie (2007), International Journal of Intelligence and Counter-Intelligence, 20:2, 258 - 316, p. 309.
32. ↑ Wise guys, tough guys, dead guys John Silvester, The Age December 14, 2003.
33. ↑ Why gangland's bloody code is hard to crack John Silvester, The Age April 20, 2003.
34. ↑ BBC News (July 28, 2009). Russian mafia boss Yaponchik shot. BBC News, July 28, 2009. Retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8173631.stm.
35. ↑ В Москве умер Вячеслав Иваньков — «вор в законе» Япончик
36. ↑ Schwirtz, Michael (2009-10-13). "For a Departed Mobster, Some Roses but No Tears". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/14/world/europe/14mobster.html?ref=global-home. Retrieved 2009-10-13. 
37. ↑ Kavkaz Center - Georgian Police Seize House of Top Russian Mafiosi.
38. ↑ Jürgen Roth, Die Gangster aus dem Osten, Europa Verlag Publishers.
39. ↑ Bandits, Gangsters and the Mafia (Martin McCauley).
40. ↑ Hughes, James, Chechnya: The Causes of a Protrated Post-Soviet Conflict, 2001.
41. ↑ BBC News- Alleged Russian mafia boss cleared.
42. ↑ Semyon Mogilevich, the 'East European mafia boss', awaiting his trial in Moscow jail.
43. ↑ Glenny (2008), Op. cit., pp. 72-73.
44. ↑ Aleksandr Zhilin, The Shadow of Chechen Crime Over Moscow, The Jamestown Foundation 1999.
45. ↑ Russian mob's Jewish godfather Eldad Beck, ynetnews.com
46. ↑ BBC article, with information on Alexander Solonik.
47. ↑ BBC News, So Who are the Russian Mafia?, BBC Online Network, April 1, 1998.
48. ↑ CNN:Russian organized crime implicated in skating scandal.

Further reading

• Yvonne Bornstein and Mark Ribowsky, Eleven Days of Hell: My True Story of Kidnapping, Terror, Torture and Historic FBI & KGB Rescue. AuthorHouse, 2004. ISBN 1-4184-9302-3.
• Douglass, Joseph D. Red Cocaine: The Drugging of America. Atlanta, Ga: Clarion House, 1990. ISBN 0-9626646-0-X, ISBN 1-899798-04-8. Chronicles Soviet development of South American drug cartels.
• James O. Finckenauer & Elin J. Waring, Russian Mafia in America: Immigration, Culture and Crime, Northeastern University Press, Boston, 1998, ISBN 1-55553-374-4.
• Robert I. Friedman, Red Mafiya: How the Russian Mob Has Invaded America, Penguin Group, 2002, ISBN 0-425-18687-3.
• Mark Galeotti (ed.), Russian and Post-Soviet Organized Crime, Ashgate/Dartmouth, 2002, ISBN 0-7546-2176-6.
• Glenny, Misha (2008), McMafia: A Journey Through the Global Criminal Underworld; New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
• Johanna Granville, “Dermokratizatsiya and Prikhvatizatsiya: the Russian Kleptocracy and Rise of Organized Crime,” in Demokratizatsiya, vol. 11, no. 3 (summer 2003): 449-457.
• Serio, Joe D. Investigating The Russian Mafia. Carolina Academic Press, Durham, 2008, ISBN 978-1-59460-225-2.
• Claire Sterling, Thieves' World: The Threat of the New Global Network of Organized Crime, Simon & Schuster, 1994, ISBN 0-671-74997-8.
• Teresa Staffer, "Russian mafia leaves Bay Area Jews alone, officials say", j., March 22, 1996.
• Federico Varese, The Russian Mafia: Private Protection in a New Market Economy, Oxford University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-19-829736-X.
• Vadim Volkov, Violent Entrepreneurs. The Use of Force in the Making of Russian Capitalism, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002

External links

• The face of the new Mafia :: CHICAGO SUN-TIMES :: News February 24, 2008 by Steve Warmbir and Frank Main
• MSNBC.com - Russian mob trading arms for cocaine with Colombia rebels by Sue Lackey
• CBS News: Russian Mafia's Worldwide Grip
• BBC News: So who are the Russian mafia ?
• BBC News: The rise and rise of the Russian mafia
• BBC News: How Russia's mafia is taking over Israel's underworld
• "The Billion Dollar Don" (BBC Panorama documentary on activities of Semion Mogilevich and associates, incl. interview w. Mogilevich)
• CNN - A Russian mob grows in Brooklyn: Law officials finger alleged 'godfather' by Peg Tyre
• Suspected Georgian Crime Boss Arrested - Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
• The Red Mafia: A Legacy of Communism by Annelise Anderson
• Oxford Scholarship: The Russian Mafia
• Russian mafya become more active in Eastern Europe Jane's Intelligence Review May 2005
• Russian mob's Jewish godfather from YNetNews, by Rabbi Levi Brackman
• Influx of Russian gangsters troubles FBI in Brooklyn from The New York Times
• The Russian Mafia
• Glossary of the Russian Comrade Criminal from pbs.org, reproduced by permission of Yale University Press
• Russian Mafia